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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Perm Medical Journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Perm Medical Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Пермский медицинский журнал (сетевое издание "Perm medical journal")</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0136-1449</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2687-1408</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">684075</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/pmj42679-94</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Cardiovascular disorders in children as a long-term outcome of bronchopulmonary dysplasia</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Кардиоваскулярные нарушения у детей как исход бронхолегочной дисплазии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6459-763X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsareva</surname><given-names>Z. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Царева</surname><given-names>Ж. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Allergist-Immunologist of the Highest Qualification Category, Pulmonologist, Pediatrician</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач аллерголог-иммунолог высшей категории, пульмонолог, педиатр</p></bio><email>dmb9zhanna@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4588-5909</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsarkova</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Царькова</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Professor, Head of the Department of Outpatient Pediatrics, Deputy Chief Physician for Research</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой поликлинической педиатрии, заместитель главного врача по научной работе</p></bio><email>dmb9zhanna@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9261-4111</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Trunova</surname><given-names>Y. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трунова</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Associate Professor of the Department of Outpatient Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры поликлинической педиатрии, врач детский кардиолог</p></bio><email>dmb9zhanna@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Children’s City Clinical Hospital No. 9, Yekaterinburg</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Детская городская клиническая больница № 9, Екатеринбург</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">斯维尔德洛夫斯克地区国家自主医疗机构“第9儿童城市临床医院”</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ural State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Уральский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>42</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Perm Medical Journal</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Пермский медицинский журнал</issue-title><fpage>79</fpage><lpage>94</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-06-12"><day>12</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://permmedjournal.ru/PMJ/article/view/684075">https://permmedjournal.ru/PMJ/article/view/684075</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Objective.</bold> To assess the frequency and characteristics of cardiovascular disorders (CVD) in 2-year-old children with a history of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> A retrospective study was conducted based on the analysis of 137 outpatient records of children discharged from perinatal centers in Yekaterinburg. The study included patients with confirmed BPD. Cardiovascular parameters, physical and psychomotor development, vision, and neurological status were evaluated on the basis of the data recorded in the patients` charts. The children were categorized into CVD risk groups: low (41.7 %), medium (43.9 %), and high (14.2 %). The analysis encompassed echocardiography (EchoCG), electrocardiography (ECG), renal and thymus ultrasound examination results, as well as findings from clinical examination by pediatric cardiologists, ophthalmologists and neurologists. Physical and psychomotor development was assessed using the Griffiths scale and the Denver Development Screening Test II (DDST-II).</p> <p>Methods of statistical analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 2019 and SPSS for Windows, version 20.0. Qualitative data are presented as absolute numbers and percentages; for their comparison, the χ<sup>2</sup> test with Yates`s correction and Fisher`s exact test for small sample sizes were applied. The normality of quantitative data distribution was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. For non-normally distributed data, results are presented as median and interquartile range (<italic>Me</italic> (25 %–75 %)). The Mann – Whitney U test was used to compare quantitative variables between groups. Statistically significant differences were considered with <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05<italic>.</italic></p> <p><bold> Results.</bold> 2-year-old children in the high-cardiovascular risk group demonstrated a higher frequency of deviations in physical and psychomotor developmental, rhythm disturbances, myocardial repolarization abnormalities, and signs of neurological impairments. These changes were less pronounced in the medium- and low-risk groups. All major differences between groups were statistically significant. The frequency of myopia and astigmatism did not differ between the study groups. The high-risk group also showed a greater prevalence of signs of hypertensive-hydrocephalic syndrome and chronic bronchopulmonary diseases. All major differences between the groups were statistically significant.</p> <p><bold>Conclusions.</bold> By the age of 2 years, a high frequency of CVD was identified in children with a history of BPD (66.4 %). The severity of CVD was dependent on the early prognostic risk level: the most severe impairments were observed in the high-risk group, whereas the children in the low- and medium -risk groups had significantly less pronounced changes. The prognostic risk established in the perinatal period influences subsequent outcomes.</p> <p>Thus, the CVD outcomes in 2-year-old children with a history of BPD confirm the critical importance of early risk prognosis for determining the strategy for their further long-term follow-up and individualized management.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Цель.</bold> Оценить частоту и характер кардиоваскулярных нарушений (КВН) у детей в возрасте 2 лет, перенесших бронхолегочную дисплазию (БЛД).</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold><italic> </italic>Проведено ретроспективное исследование на основании анализа 137 амбулаторных карт детей, выписанных из перинатальных центров г. Екатеринбурга. В исследование включены пациенты с подтвержденной БЛД. Оценивались показатели, характеризующие состояние сердечно-сосудистой системы, физического и психомоторного развития, зрения и неврологического статуса на основании данных, зафиксированных в амбулаторных картах пациентов. Дети были распределены по группам риска формирования КВН: низкий (41,7 %), средний (43,9 %) и высокий (14,2 %). Изучались результаты эхокардиографии (ЭхоКГ), электрокардиографии (ЭКГ), ультразвукового исследования почек и тимуса, а также данные клинических осмотров детского кардиолога, офтальмолога и невролога. Для оценки физического и психомоторного развития применялись шкала Гриффитс и Денверский тест (DDST-II). Статистический анализ выполнялся с использованием программ Microsoft Excel 2019 и SPSS for Windows v.20.0. Качественные признаки представлены в виде абсолютных чисел и процентов; для их сравнения применялись критерий χ<sup>2</sup> с поправкой Йейтса и точный критерий Фишера при малых выборках. Нормальность распределения количественных данных оценивалась с помощью критерия Шапиро – Уилка. При ненормальном распределении данные описывались как медиана и межквартильный размах (<italic>Me</italic> (25 % –75 %)). Для сравнения количественных показателей между группами использовался критерий Манна – Уитни. Статистическая значимость различий принималась при уровне <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05<italic>.</italic></p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold><italic> </italic>У детей с высоким риском формирования КВН в возрасте 2 лет чаще выявлялись отклонения в физическом и психомоторном развитии, нарушения ритма сердца, изменения процессов реполяризации миокарда и признаки неврологических нарушений. В группах со средним и низким риском изменения были менее выраженными. Частота миопии и астигматизма не различалась между исследуемыми и контрольными группами. В группе высокого риска КВН чаще наблюдались признаки гипертензионно-гидроцефального синдрома и хронических бронхолегочных заболеваний. Все основные различия между группами оказались статистически значимыми.</p> <p><bold>Выводы.</bold><italic> </italic>В возрасте 2 лет у детей с БЛД в анамнезе выявлена высокая частота формирования КВН (66,4 %). Степень выраженности КВН зависела от уровня раннего прогностического риска: наиболее тяжелые нарушения наблюдались у детей с высоким риском развития КВН, тогда как у детей с низким и средним риском выраженность изменений была существенно ниже. Прогнозируемый риск, установленный в перинатальном периоде, оказывал влияние на последующие функциональные исходы.</p> <p>Таким образом, к возрасту 2 лет исходы по КВН у детей с БЛД в анамнезе подтверждают значимость раннего прогнозирования риска их развития, что определяет тактику дальнейшего динамического наблюдения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Bronchopulmonary dysplasia</kwd><kwd>cardiovascular disorders</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>electrocardiography</kwd><kwd>physical development</kwd><kwd>echocardiography</kwd><kwd>long-term outcomes</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Бронхолегочная дисплазия</kwd><kwd>кардиоваскулярные нарушения</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>электрокардиограмма</kwd><kwd>физическое развитие</kwd><kwd>ультразвуковое исследование сердца</kwd><kwd>долгосрочные исходы</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Bell E.F., Hintz S.R., Hansen N.I. et al. 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