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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Perm Medical Journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Perm Medical Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Пермский медицинский журнал (сетевое издание "Perm medical journal")</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0136-1449</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2687-1408</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">690343</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/pmj42566-79</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Poor prognosis in patients with prolonged post-COVID syndrome and predictors of its development</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Неблагоприятный прогноз больных с длительным постковидным синдромом и предикторы его развития</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3364-0591</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Masalkina</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Масалкина</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Associate Professor of the Department of Internal Diseases and Cardiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры внутренних болезней и кардиологии</p></bio><email>omasalkina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7003-5186</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Koziolova</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козиолова</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Professor, Head of the Department of Internal Diseases and Cardiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой внутренних болезней и кардиологии</p></bio><email>omasalkina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ye.A. Vagner Perm State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Пермский государственный медицинский университет имени академика Е.А. Вагнера</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-11-14" publication-format="electronic"><day>14</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>42</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>66</fpage><lpage>79</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-15"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://permmedjournal.ru/PMJ/article/view/690343">https://permmedjournal.ru/PMJ/article/view/690343</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Objective. </bold>To assess the incidence of adverse events in patients with prolonged post-COVID syndrome and to determine the predictors of their development.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods. </bold>A two-stage prospective clinical trial was conducted. The first stage was a cross-sectional screening study that identified, over a 3-year period, 305 patients who had had a new coronavirus infection (NCVI) 3 or more months earlier, based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria: 200 with prolonged post-COVID syndrome, 105 without symptoms of long-term COVID-19. The second phase was a prospective observational study, during which all deaths and hospitalizations of patients included into the study were recorded with retrospective evaluation of the data. At the end of the study, to determine the predictors of poor prognosis in patients with prolonged post-COVID syndrome, the patients in this group were divided into 2 subgroups (<italic>n</italic>=200) depending on the prognosis: the first subgroup included 85 patients with adverse events, and the second one contained 115 patients without adverse events during the observation period.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>The follow-up period of patients in the study lasted 24.6 [12.4; 47.7] months. Among 200 patients with prolonged post-COVID syndrome, 89 adverse clinical outcomes were detected in 85 (44.5 %) patients, in the group of patients without long-term symptoms of COVID-19, of 105 examined people, 22 adverse events in 22 (21.0 %) patients were revealed. Survival analysis showed no statistically significant differences in the incidence of fatal events between the groups. The frequency of hospitalizations, as well as the frequency of combined mortality and hospitalizations rate, were statistically significantly higher in the group of patients with post-COVID syndrome. It was determined that the development of prolonged post-COVID syndrome in patients who had NCVI increased the relative risk of the need for hospitalizations by 2.110 times, deaths and hospitalizations by 2.197 times. The predictive value of the development of a poor prognosis in patients with prolonged post-COVID syndrome was demonstrated by indicators reflecting the severe course of NCVI in the acute phase, the polysymptomatic presentation of long-term post-COVID syndrome, symptoms of anxiety, depression, cognitive impairments, the presence of a certain comorbid pathology and risk factors with no significant medical history before the verification of prolonged post-COVID syndrome, remodeling of the heart and arteries with high myocardial stress, non-specific inflammation, fibrosis and apoptosis.</p> <p><bold>Conclusions. </bold>In patients with prolonged post-COVID syndrome, a high incidence of adverse clinical outcomes is recorded, amounting to 44.5 %, associated with an increase in the need for hospitalizations and the frequency of deaths. Among the 124 parameters, 20 indicators reflecting various demographic, clinical and pathogenetic determinants demonstrated predictive significance of a poor prognosis in prolonged post-COVID syndrome.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Цель. </bold>Оценить частоту неблагоприятных событий у пациентов с длительным постковидным синдромом и определить предикторы их развития</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>Проведено двухэтапное проспективное клиническое исследование. Первый этап представлял одномоментное скрининговое исследование, в котором в течение трех лет в соответствии с критериями включения и невключения было выделено 305 больных, перенесших новую коронавирусную инфекцию (НКВИ) 3 месяца назад и более: 200 – с длительным постковидным синдромом, 105 – без симптомов длительного COVID-19. Второй этап представлял собой проспективное наблюдательное исследование, в течение которого фиксировались все смертельные события и госпитализации больных, включенных в исследование с ретроспективной оценкой данных. Для определения предикторов неблагоприятного прогноза пациенты с длительным постковидным синдромом (<italic>n</italic> = 200) в конце исследования были разделены на две подгруппы в зависимости от прогноза: в первую подгруппу было включено 85 больных, у которых были зарегистрированы неблагоприятные события, во вторую – 115 человек без неблагоприятных событий за период наблюдения.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Период наблюдения больных в исследовании составил 24,6 [12,4; 47,7] месяца. Среди 200 больных с длительным постковидным синдромом было выявлено 89 неблагоприятных клинических исходов у 85 (44,5 %) пациентов, в группе пациентов без длительных симптомов COVID-19 среди 105 обследуемых – у 22 (21,0 %) человек зафиксированы 22 события. Анализ выживаемости не показал статистически значимых различий по частоте наступления смертельных событий между группами. Частота госпитализаций, а также частота объединенного показателя смертности и госпитализаций были статистически значимо выше в группе больных с постковидным синдромом. Определено, что развитие длительного постковидного синдрома у больных, перенесших НКВИ, увеличивает ОР необходимости в госпитализациях в 2,110 раза, смертельных исходов и госпитализаций – в 2,197 раза. Предикторную ценность развития неблагоприятного прогноза у больных с длительным постковидным синдромом продемонстрировали показатели, отражающие тяжелое течение НКВИ в острой фазе, полисимптомность длительного постковидного синдрома, симптомы тревоги, депрессии, нарушения когнитивных функций, наличие определенной коморбидной патологии и факторов риска без отягощенного анамнеза до верификации длительного постковидного синдрома, ремоделирование сердца и артерий с высоким миокардиальным стрессом, неспецифическое воспаление, фиброз и апоптоз.</p> <p><bold>Выводы. </bold>У пациентов с длительным постковидным синдромом регистрируется высокая частота развития неблагоприятных клинических исходов, составляющая 44,5 %, связанная с увеличением потребности в госпитализациях и частоты смертельных исходов. Среди 124 параметров предикторную значимость неблагоприятного прогноза при длительном постковидном синдроме продемонстрировали 20 показателей, отражающие различные демографические, клинические и патогенетические детерминанты.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>prolonged post-COVID syndrome</kwd><kwd>poor prognosis</kwd><kwd>predictors</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>длительный постковидный синдром</kwd><kwd>неблагоприятный прогноз</kwd><kwd>предикторы</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Pretorius E., Venter C., Laubscher G.J. et al. Prevalence of symptoms, comorbidities, fibrin amyloid microclots and platelet pathology in individuals with Long COVID/Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022; 21 (1): 148. 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