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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Perm Medical Journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Perm Medical Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Пермский медицинский журнал (сетевое издание "Perm medical journal")</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0136-1449</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2687-1408</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">692130</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/pmj42620-35</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Literature review</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзор литературы</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The role of iodine deficiency and anthropogenic factors in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of goiter in children</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Роль йодного дефицита и антропогенных факторов в эпидемиологии и патогенезе зоба у детей</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6007-8948</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Malikova</surname><given-names>B. T.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маликова</surname><given-names>Б. Т.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant of the Department of Endocrinology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистент кафедры эндокринологии</p></bio><email>bela.malikova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2291-3751</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Soltakhanov</surname><given-names>E. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Солтаханов</surname><given-names>Э. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Associate Professor of the Department of Endocrinology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры эндокринологии</p></bio><email>bela.malikova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krivtsov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кривцов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Associate Professor of the Department of Normal Physiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры нормальной физиологии</p></bio><email>a.krivtsov@profklinika.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9803-5687</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tuchalova</surname><given-names>A. T.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тучалова</surname><given-names>А. Т.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Associate Professor of the Department of Endocrinology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший лаборант кафедры госпитальной хирургии № 2</p></bio><email>bela.malikova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8029-7662</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nogovitsina</surname><given-names>E. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ноговицина</surname><given-names>Е. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Associate Professor of the Department of Normal Physiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук, доцент кафедры нормальной физиологии</p></bio><email>bela.malikova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Dagestan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Дагестанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ye. A. Vagner Perm State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Пермский государственный медицинский университет им. академика Е.А. Вагнера</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>42</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Perm Medical Journal</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Пермский медицинский журнал</issue-title><fpage>20</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-05"><day>05</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://permmedjournal.ru/PMJ/article/view/692130">https://permmedjournal.ru/PMJ/article/view/692130</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The objective of this review is<bold> </bold>to identify the pathogenetic features and epidemiological patterns of thyroid goiter development in children exposed to iodine deficiency and anthropogenic pollutants in the regions of the Russian Federation.</p> <p>A systematic analysis of the scientific literature (2015–2024) from the PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, eLIBRARY.ru, and CyberLeninka databases was conducted, focusing on original research and clinical guidelines. The coverage time range was 2015–2024. A manual search was also performed in specialized journals, including ("Problemy Endokrinologii" [Problems of Endocrinology], "European Journal of Endocrinology").</p> <p>Endemic goiter is the leading thyroid pathology among children in the Russian Federation, accounting for 44.5 % of all cases. This is caused by mild to moderate iodine deficiency, which is endemic in approximately 30 regions of the country (Dagestan, Tatarstan, Altai Krai, etc.). The prevalence varies significantly within regions, for example, in Dagestan, it reaches 54.2 % in mountainous areas compared to 19.0 % on the plains, indicating the influence of factors beyond iodine status alone. The incidence peak was observed in adolescents aged 15–17 years (3658.5 per 100,000), with a marked 4:1 female-to-male predominance. In industrial regions such as Chelyabinsk Oblast, one of three thyroid nodules in children shows signs of malignancy. A synergy was identified between iodine deficiency and anthropogenic pollutants (heavy metals, nitrates, uranium and polymetallic ore waste, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, perchlorates, dietary goitrogens), which block iodine uptake and disrupt hormone synthesis.</p> <p>Thus, thyroid goiter in children is a multifactorial condition. There is a need to develop regionally adapted prevention programs and improve diagnostic algorithms, considering the combined effects of iodine deficiency and anthropogenic pollutants.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Проанализированы патогенетические особенности и эпидемические закономерности формирования зоба щитовидной железы у детей в условиях воздействия йодного дефицита и антропогенных загрязнителей в регионах РФ.</p> <p>Проведен систематический анализ научной литературы (2015–2024 гг.) из баз PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, eLIBRARY.ru и «КиберЛенинка», а также поиск в профильных журналах («Проблемы эндокринологии», European Journal of Endocrinology) с фокусом на оригинальные исследования и клинические рекомендации. Временной диапазон охвата: 2015–2024 гг.</p> <p>Эндемический зоб является ведущей патологией щитовидной железы у детей в РФ (44,5 % в структуре заболеваемости), что обусловлено легким и умеренным йодным дефицитом, эндемичным примерно для 30 регионов страны (Дагестан, Татарстан, Алтайский край и др.). Распространенность варьируется внутри регионов (в Дагестане: 54,2 % в горных районах против 19,0 % на равнине), указывая на влияние иных факторов помимо йодного статуса. Пик заболеваемости отмечен у подростков 15–17 лет (3658,5 на 100 тыс.) с выраженным преобладанием среди девочек (соотношение 4:1). В промышленных регионах (на примере Челябинской области) каждое третье узловое образование у детей имеет признаки малигнизации. Выявляется синергизм йодной недостаточности и антропогенных факторов (тяжелые металлы, нитраты, отходы урана и полиметаллических руд, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, перхлораты, зобогенные продукты), блокирующих захват йода и нарушающих синтез гормонов.</p> <p>Таким образом,<bold> </bold>зоб щитовидной железы у детей имеет мультифакторную природу. Существует необходимость разработки регионально адаптированных программ профилактики и усовершенствования диагностических алгоритмов с учетом сочетанного воздействия йодного дефицита и антропогенной нагрузки.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Children</kwd><kwd>thyroid goiter</kwd><kwd>iodine deficiency and anthropogenic pollution</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Дети</kwd><kwd>зоб щитовидной железы</kwd><kwd>йодный дефицит и антропогенное загрязнение</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Трошина Е.А., Платонова Н.М., Панфилова Е.А. 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