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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Perm Medical Journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Perm Medical Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Пермский медицинский журнал (сетевое издание "Perm medical journal")</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0136-1449</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2687-1408</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">703427</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/pmj43215-33</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Literature review</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзор литературы</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Choledocholithiasis: modern approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of complications and recurrence: a narrative review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Холедохолитиаз: современные аспекты диагностики, лечения, прогнозирования и профилактики осложнений и рецидивов (обзор литературы)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6171-9885</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Samartsev</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Самарцев</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc in Medicine, Professor, Department of General Surgery</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой общей хирургии</p></bio><email>savarcev-v@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2679-0613</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Parshakov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Паршаков</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Medicine, Associate Professor, Department of General Surgery</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, доцент, доцент кафедры общей хирургии</p></bio><email>parshakov@live.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ye.A. Vagner Perm State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Пермский государственный медицинский университет имени академика Е.А. Вагнера</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-05-14" publication-format="electronic"><day>14</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>43</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>15</fpage><lpage>33</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-02"><day>02</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://permmedjournal.ru/PMJ/article/view/703427">https://permmedjournal.ru/PMJ/article/view/703427</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This review synthesizes current evidence to identify unresolved challenges in the diagnosis, treatment, risk prediction, and prevention of complications and recurrence of choledocholithiasis, and to outline priority areas for future research.</p> <p>Choledocholithiasis occur in approximately 30 % of patients with gallstone disease, with recurrence rates averaging 12.6 %. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) remains the non-invasive diagnostic gold standard; however, its widespread adoption is constrained by high cost and limited accessibility. Machine learning-based risk stratification models represent a promising strategy to optimize patient selection for MRCP and reduce unnecessary procedures.</p> <p>Among the endoscopic transpapillary treatment methods for choledocholithiasis, endoscopic sphincterotomy plus balloon dilation is the most effective and safe approach. Contact lithotripsy guided by peroral transpapillary cholangioscopy has been shown to have the highest efficacy for stones larger than 15 mm. In surgical management, there is growing interest in single-stage laparoendoscopic rendezvous procedures combining cholecystectomy with endoscopic transpapillary intervention. Although randomized trials have demonstrated their efficacy, broad implementation is hindered by the requirement for hybrid operating suites and the absence of validated patient selection criteria.</p> <p>Effective prevention of postoperative complications and stone recurrence hinges on the early identification and modifiable risk factors. Existing predictive data remain fragmented, and the development of unified models is challenged by complex, non-linear interactions among multiple variables. Machine learning algorithms offer a robust framework to overcome these limitations, with their clinical applicability expanding rapidly due to advances in digital health technologies.</p> <p>Priority directions for future research in choledocholithiasis management include: personalization of diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms through integration of novel surgical techniques and optimized perioperative care; validation of machine learning-driven predictive models for individualized risk stratification and prevention of complications and recurrence.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Обобщены имеющиеся в литературе данные о ключевых нерешенных проблемах диагностики, лечения, прогнозирования и профилактики осложнений и рецидивов холедохолитиаза.</p> <p>Среди пациентов с желчнокаменной болезнью холедохолитиаз встречается в среднем в 30 % случаев, частота рецидивов достигает 12,6 %. «Золотым стандартом» диагностики признана магнитно-резонансная холангиопанкреатография (МРХПГ). Однако широкому внедрению метода препятствуют его высокая себестоимость и ограниченная доступность. В этом плане перспективным направлением является применение технологий машинного обучения для стратификации пациентов по группам риска и выбору объективных показаний для МРХПГ.</p> <p>Среди эндоскопических транспапиллярных методов лечения холедохолитиаза наиболее эффективным и безопасным подходом является эндоскопическая папиллосфинктеротомия в сочетании с баллонной дилатацией. Контактная лазерная литотрипсия под контролем пероральной транспапиллярной холангиоскопии показала наибольшую эффективность при конкрементах размером 15 мм и более. В хирургическом лечении холецистохоледохолитиаза наблюдается интерес к одномоментному подходу – операциям по методике rendez-vous, предполагающим выполнение холецистэктомии и эндоскопических транспапиллярных вмешательств в рамках одной операции. Хотя рандомизированные исследования подтвердили их эффективность, широкое внедрение ограничено необходимостью наличия гибридных операционных и отсутствием четких критериев отбора пациентов.</p> <p>Для прогнозирования и профилактики послеоперационных осложнений и рецидивов ключевое значение имеет раннее выявление предикторов и их своевременная коррекция. Имеющиеся данные носят фрагментарный характер, а унифицированные модели требуют преодоления ограничений, связанных со сложностью выявления комплексных предикторов и их скрытых нелинейных взаимосвязей. Решением является интеграция методов машинного обучения, применение которых в клинической практике расширяется благодаря прогрессу в области цифровых технологий.</p> <p>Приоритетными направлениями дальнейших исследований в хирургии холедохолитиаза являются: персонализация диагностических и лечебных алгоритмов, внедрение новых технологий хирургического лечения и оптимизации периоперационного ведения пациентов; валидация прогностических моделей на основе машинного обучения для прогнозирования и профилактики осложнений и рецидивов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Choledocholithiasis</kwd><kwd>endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography</kwd><kwd>rendezvous technique</kwd><kwd>biliary stent</kwd><kwd>machine learning</kwd><kwd>risk prediction</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Холедохолитиаз</kwd><kwd>эндоскопическая ретроградная холангиопанкреатография</kwd><kwd>«рандеву»</kwd><kwd>эндоскопическое билиарное стентирование</kwd><kwd>машинное обучение</kwd><kwd>прогнозирование рисков</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Wang X., Yu W., Jiang G., Li H., Li S., Xie L., Bai X., Cui P., Chen Q., Lou Y., Zou L., Li S., Zhou Z., Zhang C., Sun P., Mao M. 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