<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Perm Medical Journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Perm Medical Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Пермский медицинский журнал (сетевое издание "Perm medical journal")</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0136-1449</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2687-1408</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">704422</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/pmj4345-19</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Literature review</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзор литературы</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and cardiovascular pathology</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Ассоциированная с метаболической дисфункцией стеатотическая болезнь печени и сердечно-сосудистая патология</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3920-8234</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gaisin</surname><given-names>Ilshat R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гайсин</surname><given-names>Ильшат Равилевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc in Medicine, Associate Professor, Professor, Department of Hospital Therapy with Courses in Cardiology and Functional Diagnostics, Faculty of Advanced Training and Professional Retraining</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, доцент, профессор кафедры госпитальной терапии с курсами кардиологии и функциональной диагностики факультета повышения квалификации и профессиональной переподготовки</p></bio><email>igaisin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4051-665X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kochurov</surname><given-names>Evgeny K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кочуров</surname><given-names>Евгений Константинович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate Student, Department of Hospital Therapy with Courses in Cardiology and Functional Diagnostics, Faculty of Advanced Training and Professional Retraining</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры госпитальной терапии с курсами кардиологии и функциональной диагностики факультета повышения квалификации и профессиональной переподготовки</p></bio><email>evg.konst@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0100-1629</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Loshkarev</surname><given-names>Evgenii A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лошкарев</surname><given-names>Евгений Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cardiologist, Acting Assistant, Department of Hospital Therapy with Courses in Cardiology and Functional Diagnostics, Faculty of Advanced Training and Professional Retraining</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-кардиолог, исполняющий обязанности ассистента кафедры госпитальной терапии с курсами кардиологии и функциональной диагностики факультета повышения квалификации и профессиональной переподготовки</p></bio><email>lzauva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9275-6162</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Galeev</surname><given-names>Azat S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галеев</surname><given-names>Азат Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Endocrinologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-эндокринолог</p></bio><email>ellegaleev@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7773-0805</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kholzoda</surname><given-names>Sorbon A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Холзода</surname><given-names>Сорбон Абдуалим</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cardiologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-кардиолог</p></bio><email>sorbonkholzoda2000@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1683-4512</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gubaydullina</surname><given-names>Zukhra R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Губайдуллина</surname><given-names>Зухра Рифкатовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Medicine, Rheumatologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, врач-ревматолог</p></bio><email>zukhra.bagautdinova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Izhevsk State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ижевский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">City Polyclinic No. 1, Izhevsk</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Городская поликлиника № 1, г. Ижевск</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Nizhnekamsk Central District Multidisciplinary Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Нижнекамская центральная районная многопрофильная больница</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sadykov City Clinical Hospital No. 7</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Городская клиническая больница № 7 имени М.Н. Садыкова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-09-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>43</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>5</fpage><lpage>19</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-17"><day>17</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-07-05"><day>05</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://permmedjournal.ru/PMJ/article/view/704422">https://permmedjournal.ru/PMJ/article/view/704422</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The data on the prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and its phenotypes, the evolution of steatotic liver disease terminology and its association with cardiovascular diseases were summarized. A systematic search for relevant publications in the PubMed database was performed.</p> <p>MASLD has become one of the most prevalent and underappreciated cardiovascular threats. It is closely associated with the development and progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, arrhythmias, conduction disorders, hypertension and heart failure. Moreover, MASLD is a crucial part of the cardiohepatorenal continuum. Raising awareness of MASLD among the general public and at-risk populations, unifying existing guidelines for cardiometabolic diseases, and the development of regional and global strategies to combat MASLD are essential to tackle the cardiometabolic pandemic.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Обобщены данные о распространенности метаболически-ассоциированной стеатотической болезни печени (МАСБП) и ее фенотипов, эволюции терминологии стеатотической болезни печени и ее взаимосвязях с сердечно-сосудистой патологией. Проведен систематический анализ релевантных публикаций в базе данных <italic>PubMed</italic>.</p> <p>МАСБП стала одной из самых крупных и недооцененных сердечно-сосудистых угроз. МАСБП тесно ассоциирована с развитием и прогрессированием атеросклеротических сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, нарушений ритма и проводимости, гипертензии и сердечной недостаточности. Более того, МАСБП является ключевым звеном кардиогепаторенального континуума. Повышение осведомленности о МАСБП в общей популяции и группах риска, унифицирование рекомендаций по кардиометаболическим заболеваниям и разработка региональных и глобальных стратегий по борьбе с МАСБП являются необходимыми условиями для преодоления кардиометаболической пандемии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease</kwd><kwd>MASLD</kwd><kwd>atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases</kwd><kwd>atrial fibrillation</kwd><kwd>heart failure</kwd><kwd>hypertension</kwd><kwd>cardiohepatorenal continuum</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Метаболически-ассоциированная стеатотическая болезнь печени</kwd><kwd>МАСБП</kwd><kwd>атеросклеротические сердечно-сосудистые заболевания</kwd><kwd>фибрилляция предсердий</kwd><kwd>сердечная недостаточность</kwd><kwd>гипертензия</kwd><kwd>кардиогепаторенальный континуум</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Younossi Z.M., Golabi P., Paik J.M. et al. The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a systematic review. Hepatology 2023; 77 (4): 1335–1347. DOI: 10.1097/HEP.0000000000000004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Younossi Z.M., Golabi P., Paik J. et al. Prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in the Middle East and North Africa. Liver Int. 2024; 44: 1061–1070. DOI: 10.1111/liv.15852</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Le M.H., Yeo Y.H., Zou B. et al. Forecasted 2040 global prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease using hierarchical bayesian approach. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2022; 28: 841–850. DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2022.0239</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Lee E.J., Choi M., Ahn S.B. et al. Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in pediatrics and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Pediatr. 2024; 20: 569–580. DOI: 10.1007/s12519-024-00814-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Rinella M.E., Lazarus J.V., Ratziu V. et al. A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. J Hepatol. 2023; 79: 1542–1556. DOI: 10.1097/HEP.0000000000000520</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Eslam M., Newsome P.N., Sarin S.K. et al. A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: An international expert consensus statement. J Hepatol. 2020; 73 (1): 202–209. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.03.039</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Гайсин И.Р. Ассоциированная с метаболической дисфункцией жировая болезнь печени (МАЖБП) – новая нозологическая форма (обзор литературы). Здоровье, демография, экология финно-угорских народов 2021; 2: 58–62. / Gaisin I.R. Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) – a novel nosological unit (a literature review). Health, Demography, and Ecology of Finno-Ugric Peoples 2021; 2: 58–62 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Гайсин И.Р., Кочуров Е.К. Поражение печени при псориатическом артрите: обзор литературы. Здоровье, демография, экология финно-угорских народов 2024; 4: 54–60. / Gaisin I.R., Kochurov E.K. Liver abnormalities in psoriatic arthritis: a literature review. Health, Demography, and Ecology of Finno-Ugric Peoples 2024; 4: 54–60 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Гайсин И.Р., Кочуров Е.К., Лошкарев Е.А., Галеев А.С. Ассоциированная с метаболической дисфункцией стеатотическая болезнь печени (МАСБП) и лишняя масса тела: обзор литературы. Здоровье, демография, экология финно-угорских народов 2025; 3: 35–42. DOI: 10.64111/1994-8921.2025.51.3.007 / Gaisin I.R., Kochurov E.K., Loshkarev E.A., Galeev A.S. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and excess body weight: a literature review. Health, Demography, and Ecology of Finno-Ugric Peoples 2025; 3: 35–42. DOI: 10.64111/1994-8921.2025.51.3.007 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Suzuki K., Tamaki N., Kurosaki M. et al. Concordance between metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatol Res. 2024; 54 (6): 600–605. DOI: 10.1111/hepr.14011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Barritt A.S. 4th, Yu F., Mospan A.R. et al. High concordance between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in the TARGET-NASH Real-World Cohort. Am J Gastroenterol. 2024; 119 (8): 1624–1627. DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002796</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Zou H., Ma X., Pan W., Xie Y. Comparing similarities and differences between NAFLD, MAFLD, and MASLD in the general U.S. population. Front Nutr. 2024; 11: 1411802. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1411802</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Gong H., Liu X., Cheng F. Relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiac arrhythmia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Int Med Res. 2021; 49 (9): 3000605211047074. DOI: 10.1177/03000605211047074</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Mantovani A., Dauriz M., Sandri D., Bonapace S. et al. Association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of atrial fibrillation in adult individuals: An updated meta-analysis. Liver Int. 2019; 39 (4): 758–769. DOI: 10.1111/liv.14044</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Cho E.J., Chung G.E., Yoo J.J. et al. Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with new-onset atrial fibrillation stratified by age groups. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024; 23 (1): 340. DOI: 10.1186/s12933-024-02408-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Donnellan E., Cotter T.G., Wazni O.M. et al. Impact of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease on arrhythmia recurrence following atrial fibrillation ablation. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2020; 6 (10): 1278–1287. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2020.05.023</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Hung C.S., Tseng P.H., Tu C.H. et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with QT prolongation in the general population. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015; 4 (7): e001820. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.115.001820</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Mantovani A., Rigamonti A., Bonapace S. et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with ventricular arrhythmias in patients with type 2 diabetes referred for clinically indicated 24-hour Holter monitoring. Diabetes Care. 2016; 39 (8): 1416–1423. DOI: 10.2337/dc16-0091</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Wong M.Y.Z., Yap J.J.L., Sultana R. et al. Association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and subclinical atherosclerosis in Western and Asian cohorts: an updated meta-analysis. Open Heart 2021; 8 (2): e001850. DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2021-001850</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Ampuero J., Gallego-Durán R., Romero-Gómez M. Association of NAFLD with subclinical atherosclerosis and coronary-artery disease: meta-analysis. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2015; 107 (1): 10–16.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Koulaouzidis G., Charisopoulou D., Kukla M. et al. Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with coronary artery calcification progression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prz Gastroenterol. 2021; 16 (3): 196–206. DOI: 10.5114/pg.2021.109063</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Alper A.T., Hasdemir H., Sahin S. et al. The relationship between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the severity of coronary artery disease in patients with metabolic syndrome. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars. 2008; 36 (6): 376–381.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Hamaguchi M., Kojima T., Takeda N. et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a novel predictor of cardiovascular disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2007; 13 (10): 1579–1584. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i10.1579</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Bisaccia G., Ricci F., Khanji M.Y. et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality related to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2023; 48 (6): 101643. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101643</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Alon L., Corica B., Raparelli V. et al. Risk of cardiovascular events in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2022; 29 (6): 938–946. DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwab212</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Ismaiel A., Popa S.L., Dumitrascu D.L. Acute coronary syndromes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: "un affaire de coeur". Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020; 2020: 8825615. DOI: 10.1155/2020/8825615</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Abosheaishaa H., Hussein M., Ghallab M. et al. Association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and coronary artery disease outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2024; 18 (1): 102938. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2023.102938</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Alexander M., Loomis A.K., van der Lei J. et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident acute myocardial infarction and stroke: findings from matched cohort study of 18 million European adults. BMJ. 2019; 367: l5367. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l5367</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Ichikawa K., Miyoshi T., Osawa K. et al. Incremental prognostic value of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease over coronary computed tomography angiography findings in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2022; 28 (18): 2059–2066. DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwab120</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Jiang C., Yang Q., Hou X. et al. Assessment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in suspected coronary artery disease patients: prognostic value and incremental predictive utility over cardiovascular risk factors and CCTA. BMC Med Imaging 2025; 25: 398. DOI: 10.1186/s12880-025-01919-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Bedogni G., Bellentani S., Miglioli L. et al. The Fatty Liver Index: a simple and accurate predictor of hepatic steatosis in the general population. BMC Gastroenterol. 2006; 6: 33. DOI: 10.1186/1471-230X-6-33</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Kim J.H., Moon J.S., Byun S.J. et al. Fatty liver index and development of cardiovascular disease in Koreans without pre-existing myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke: a large population-based study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020; 19 (1): 51. DOI: 10.1186/s12933-020-01025-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Lee C.H., Han K.D., Kim D.H., Kwak M.S. The repeatedly elevated fatty liver index is associated with increased mortality: a population-based cohort study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12: 638615. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.638615</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Chung G.E., Cho E.J., Yoo J.J. et al. Young adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, defined using the fatty liver index, can be at increased risk of myocardial infarction or stroke. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022; 24 (3): 465–472. DOI: 10.1111/dom.14597</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Park J., Kim G., Kim B.S. et al. The associations of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis using fatty liver index and BARD score with cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in patients with new-onset type 2 diabetes: a nationwide cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022; 21 (1): 53. DOI: 10.1186/s12933-022-01483-y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Lee C.O., Li H.L., Tsoi M.F. et al. Association between the liver fat score (LFS) and cardiovascular diseases in the national health and nutrition examination survey 1999–2016. Ann Med. 2021; 53 (1): 1065–1073. DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2021.1943514</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Liu H.H., Cao Y.X., Jin J.L. et al. Liver fibrosis scoring systems as novel tools for predicting cardiovascular outcomes in patients following elective percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021; 10 (3): e018869. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.120.018869</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Vieira Barbosa J., Milligan S., Frick A. et al. Fibrosis-4 index can independently predict major adverse cardiovascular events in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022; 117 (3): 453–461. DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001606</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Sinn D.H., Kang D., Chang Y. et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and the incidence of myocardial infarction: A cohort study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020; 35 (5): 833–839. DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14856</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Loosen S., Luedde M., Demir M. et al. An elevated FIB-4 score is not associated with cardiovascular events: a longitudinal analysis from 137 842 patients with and without chronic liver disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022; 34 (6): 717–723. DOI: 10.1097/MEG.0000000000002377</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Gries J.J., Hassan Virk H.U., Wang Z. et al. Outcomes of coronary revascularization in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a systematic review. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2025; 12: 1609071. DOI: 10.3389/fvm.2025.1609071</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Keskin M., Hayıroğlu M.İ., Uzun A.O. et al. Effect of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease on in-hospital and long-term outcomes in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2017; 120 (10): 1720–1726. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.07.107</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Ali H., Kazmi M., Choi C. et al. In-hospital outcomes of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention: A nationwide inpatient sample analysis. Cureus. 2021; 13 (8): e17338. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17338</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Miller A., McNamara J., Hummel S.L. et al. Prevalence and staging of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Sci Rep. 2020; 10 (1): 12440. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69013-y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Peters A.E., Pandey A., Ayers C. et al. Association of liver fibrosis risk scores with clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: findings from TOPCAT. ESC Heart Fail. 2021; 8 (2): 842–848. DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13250</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Mantovani A., Petracca G., Csermely A. et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of new-onset heart failure: an updated meta-analysis of about 11 million individuals. Gut 2022; gutjnl-2022-327672. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327672</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Minhas A.M.K., Bhopalwala H.M., Dewaswala N. et al. Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with in-hospital outcomes in primary heart failure hospitalizations with reduced or preserved ejection fraction. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2023; 48 (8): 101199. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101199</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Takahashi T., Watanabe T., Shishido T. et al. The impact of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score on cardiac prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure. Heart Vessels. 2018; 33 (7): 733–739. DOI: 10.1007/s00380-017-1113-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>McEvoy J.W., McCarthy C.P., Bruno R.M. et al. 2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2024; 45 (38): 3912–4018. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae178</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Younossi Z.M., Koenig A.B., Abdelatif D. et al. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology 2016; 64 (1): 73–84. DOI: 10.1002/hep.28431</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Ciardullo S., Grassi G., Mancia G., Perseghin G. et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022; 34 (4): 365–371. DOI: 10.1097/MEG.0000000000002299</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Song Q., Ling Q., Fan L. et al. Severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a risk factor for developing hypertension from prehypertension. Chin Med J (Engl). 2023; 136 (13): 1591–1597. DOI: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000002111</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Song Q.R., Liu S.L., Ling Q.H. et al. Severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with cardiovascular outcomes in patients with prehypertension or hypertension: A community-based cohort study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13: 942647. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.942647</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Huang Q., Yu H., Zhong X. et al. Association between hypertension and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional and meta-analysis study. J Hum Hypertens. 2023; 37 (4): 313–320. DOI: 10.1038/s41371-022-00686-w</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Aneni E.C., Oni E.T., Martin S.S. et al. Blood pressure is associated with the presence and severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease across the spectrum of cardiometabolic risk. J Hypertens. 2015; 33 (6): 1207–1214. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000532</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Zhou X.D., Lian L.Y., Chen Q.F. et al. Effect of hypertension on long-term adverse clinical outcomes and liver fibrosis progression in MASLD. J Hepatol. 2026; 84 (2): 254–265. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2025.08.017</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Gawrieh S., Wilson L.A., Cummings O.W. et al. Histologic findings of advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease who have normal aminotransferase levels. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019; 114 (10): 1626–1635. DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000388</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Yin H., Yan Z., Zhao F. Risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Technol Health Care. 2024; 32 (6): 3943–3954. DOI: 10.3233/THC-231331</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Ng C.H., Wong Z.Y., Chew N.W.S. et al. Hypertension is prevalent in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and increases all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022; 9: 942753. DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.942753</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Ye Q., Zou B., Yeo Y.H. et al. Global prevalence, incidence, and outcomes of non-obese or lean non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020; 5 (8): 739–752. DOI: 10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30077-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Lu F.B., Zheng K.I., Rios R.S. et al. Global epidemiology of lean non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020; 35 (12): 2041–2050. DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15156</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Souza M., Diaz I., Al-Sharif L. Liver and cardiovascular outcomes in lean non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of about 1 million individuals. Hepatol Int. 2024; 18 (5): 1396–1415. DOI: 10.1007/s12072-024-10716-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>Cheah M.C.C., Crane H., George J. Global prevalence, metabolic characteristics, and outcomes of lean-MAFLD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatol Int. 2025; 19 (3): 607–618. DOI: 10.1007/s12072-025-10801-x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>Toh J.Z.K., Pan X.H., Tay P.W.L. et al. A meta-analysis on the global prevalence, risk factors and screening of coronary heart disease in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022; 20 (11): 2462–2473.e10. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.09.021</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>Raverdy V., Tavaglione F., Chatelain E. et al. Data-driven cluster analysis identifies distinct types of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Nat Med. 2024; 30 (12): 3624–3633. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-03283-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>Ndumele C.E., Neeland I.J., Tuttle K.R. et al. A synopsis of the evidence for the science and clinical management of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2023; 148 (20): 1636–1664. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001186</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>Гайсин И.Р. Метаболически-ассоциированная жировая болезнь печени – ключевое звено печеночного континуума. Здоровье, демография, экология финно-угорских народов 2024; 2: 68–73 / Gaisin I.R. Metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease – a key item of liver continuum. Health, Demography, and Ecology of Finno-Ugric Peoples 2024; 2: 68–73 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>Карпунина Н.С., Хлынова О.В. Неалкогольная жировая болезнь печени и хроническая болезнь почек: случайная связь или две манифестации метаболического синдрома? Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология 2024; (8): 123–130. DOI: 10.31146/1682- 8658-ecg-228-8-123-130 / Khlynova O.V., Karpunina N.S. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and chronic kidney disease: random connections or two manifestations of metabolic syndrome? Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology 2024; 8: 123–130. DOI: 10.31146/1682- 8658-ecg-228-8-123-130 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><mixed-citation>Гайсин И.Р., Кочуров Е.К. Новый, кардиогепаторенальный, континуум: часть I. Здоровье, демография, экология финно-угорских народов 2025; 3: 52–60. DOI:10.64111/1994-8921.2025.51.3.010 / Gaisin I.R., Kochurov E.K. A novel, cardiohepatorenal, continuum: part I. Health, Demography, and Ecology of Finno-Ugric Peoples 2025; 3: 52–60. DOI: 10.64111/1994-8921.2025.51.3.010 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><mixed-citation>Theodorakis N., Nikolaou M. From cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome to cardiovascular-renal-hepatic-metabolic syndrome: proposing an expanded framework. Biomolecules. 2025; 15 (2): 213. DOI: 10.3390/biom15020213</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><label>71.</label><mixed-citation>Гайсин И.Р. Артериальная гипертензия у беременных – новый кардиоренальный континуум. Терапевтический архив 2012; 84 (1): 48–53 / Gaisin I.R. Hypertension in pregnant women – a novel cardiorenal continuum. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv 2012; 84 (1): 48–53 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><label>72.</label><mixed-citation>Гайсин И.Р., Кочуров Е.К. Новый, кардиогепаторенальный, континуум: часть II. Здоровье, демография, экология финно-угорских народов 2025; 4: 39–48. DOI: 10.64111/1994-8921.2025.51.4.009 / Gaisin I.R., Kochurov E.K. The new, cardiohepatorenal, continuum: part II. Health, Demography, and Ecology of Finno-Ugric Peoples 2025; 4: 39–48. DOI: 10.64111/1994-8921.2025.51.4.009 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><label>73.</label><mixed-citation>Кочуров Е.К., Гайсин И.Р, Ведёхина А.Н. Поражение почек при спондилоартритах: обзор литературы. Медицина и биотехнологии 2025; 1 (3): 269–285. DOI: 10.15507/3034-6231.001.202503.269-285 / Kochurov E.K., Gaisin I.R., Vedekhina A.N. Kidney Involvement in Spondyloarthritis: A Literature Review. Meditsina i Biotekhnologii = Medicine and Biotechnology 2025; 1 (3): 269–285. DOI: 10.15507/3034-6231.001.202503.269-285 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B74"><label>74.</label><mixed-citation>Lazarus J.V., Mark H.E., Villota-Rivas M. et al. The global NAFLD policy review and preparedness index: Are countries ready to address this silent public health challenge? J Hepatol. 2022; 76 (4): 771–780. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.10.025</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B75"><label>75.</label><mixed-citation>Wang M., Wuyun Q., Lian D. et al. Global, regional, and national burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among people aged 15 to 49 years from 1990 to 2021, with projections to 2050: A systematic analysis based on the 2021 global burden of disease study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2025; 104 (37): e44527. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000044527</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
