Аутофагия в нервной системе: общие принципы и специфические функции

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Аутофагия – внутриклеточный механизм изоляции, транспорта и деградации макромолекул и органелл. Физиологическое значение аутофагии заключается, во-первых, в поддержании постоянства внутриклеточной среды за счет своевременной утилизации белков с нарушенной структурой и поврежденных органелл. Во-вторых, за счет избирательной деградации макромолекул аутофагия поставляет клетке мономеры, которые далее используются ею для синтеза новых соединений, что служит для обеспечения перестройки клеточного метаболизма в процессах клеточной дифференциации, онтогенеза и адаптации к действию факторов внешней среды. Аутофагия является исключительно важным механизмом для поддержания нормального функционирования постмитотических и дифференцированных клеток, в том числе нейронов. Нарушения аутофагии в нейронах приводят к формированию белковых конгломератов, накоплению поврежденных клеточных органелл, дегенерации нервных волокон и гибели клеток, что часто наблюдается при развитии некоторых форм нейродегенеративных заболеваний. Кроме того, установлена роль аутофагии в реализации синаптической пластичности и механизмах памяти. Поскольку аутофагия оказывает существенное влияние на клеточный метаболизм, исследование регуляции и основных путей реализации этого механизма может иметь решающее значение в поиске средств и подходов в лечении и профилактике многих патологий, прогрессирующих с возрастом. В данном обзоре описаны основные понятия процесса аутофагии, обобщены ключевые функции аутофагии в клетках, а также представлены современные данные о ее роли в обеспечении нормального метаболизма и реализации специфических функций нейронов.

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А. В. Чурилова

Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт физиологии им. И.П. Павлова РАН

Автор, ответственный за переписку.
Email: churilovaav@infran.ru
Россия, 199034, Санкт-Петербург

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