“Lower town” of Old Rus Smolensk and the rhythm of Dnieper floods

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The article presents observations on the relief and cultural layer of Smolensk, made during the works in 2014–2023. It was established that the “Lower Town” of Rus-period Smolensk occupied the first terrace of the river, 11–13 m high, descending in some spots to a high floodplain 8–9 m high. The length of the area inhabited entirely in the 12th century AD (except for narrow gaps at the mouths of streams and ravines) was at least 3.5 km. At the initial stage of urban life in the 11th–12th centuries AD, the impact of river floods and slope erosion on the life of the town was minimal. The development of the Smyadyn floodplain was insignificant, incomparable with the development of the floodplain in Gnezdovo. The floodplain was more actively developed on the Svirsky section, where the natural border along the edge of the floodplain was supplemented by a continuous fence of a palisade type. In the 13th–14th centuries AD, flooding began to cover the surface of the high floodplain; the riverine areas ceased to be inhabited and were subsequently used only as meadows. In the 14th–15th centuries AD, the erosion processes became more active in the high bedrock valley slope, where the centre of economic activity was transferred to. The erosion material transported along the stream beds was accumulated not only in the alluvial fans, but also in large areas along the banks within the first terrace. These natural and natural-anthropogenic phenomena affected the life and size of the “Lower Town” significantly. Its territory shrank but the northern foot of Cathedral Hill was lived continuously.

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作者简介

N. Krenke

Institute of Geography of the RAS; Institute for the History of Material Culture of the RAS

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: nkrenke@mail.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow; Saint Petersburg

A. Panin

Institute of Geography of the RAS

Email: a.v.panin@igras.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

K. Ganichev

Institute of Archaeology of the RAS

Email: kirganichev@mail.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

I. Ershov

Institute of Archaeology of the RAS

Email: erchovin@yandex.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

参考

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  2. Aleksandrovskiy A.L., Krenke N.A., Nefedov V.S., 2005. Paleorelief of the Dnieper high flood-plain in the territory of the Gnezdovo archaeological complex. Rossiyskaya arkheologiya [Russian archaeology], 1, pp. 112–123. (In Russ.)
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2. Fig. 1. River flood and powerful denudation processes in photographs of Smolensk in the 20th century

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3. Fig. 2. A plan of Smolensk indicating the excavation sites in the “Lower Town”. The red outline marks the inset section shown in Fig. 3

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4. Fig. 3. A plan of the Smyadyn, Svirskaya Sloboda and Posadsky Lug areas

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5. Fig. 4. A – the route of the 12th century Posad wall along the Dnieper bank (shown with caution tape) in a photo made from a quadcopter, in the background – the Svirskaya Archangel Michael’s Church; Б – the profile of the sides and plan of test pit 14

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6. Fig. 5. A – the profile of the cultural layer outcrop with the ruins of a church from the 12th–13th centuries AD and the underlying buried soil on the surface of the first terrace at the Churilovka mouth; Б – the profile of the northern wall of excavation 3 on Studencheskaya Street in 2012. The horizon of the wall made of mud bricks is marked with an arrow (photo by N.A. Krenke)

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7. Fig. 6. Street pavement of tier 17 (1160s–80s. After Astashova, 1991. P. 25) in excavation site 9 of 1968 on Soboleva Street in Smolensk (Avdusin, 1968. P. 33). The east view

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8. Fig. 7. A – a section of the eastern side of the 2020 test pit in 49 Soboleva Street (intersection with Pesochnaya Street); Б – finds from the lower layer of the Rus period

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