No 2 (2023)

The problem of drought is acute in a large area of Russia, which will not decrease in the coming decades, but will grow. The most important measures to combat drought are the selection of drought- and heat-resistant crops and the creation of varieties for various ecological and geographical zones of Russia based on the widespread use of the World Collections of Agricultural Plants. The results of the study of the gene pool of winter wheat during severe atmospheric drought, which manifested itself twice in 50 years of studying genetic resources from different countries in 1972 and 2010, are presented. The primary tasks were the mobilization of new forms of drought-resistant plants from the arid zones of Russia, as well as from abroad, the expansion of research on the identification of genetic sources and donors of drought resistance, the creation and accelerated introduction into agricultural production of new drought-resistant varieties and hybrids of winter wheat.

The studies were carried out in 2017-2022 in the field experiment on the fields of the primary seed production department of the crop production complex of LLC «Chebarkulskaya Ptitsa». The aim of the research was a comparative ecological study of varieties of spring soft wheat of different maturity groups in order to select an assortment that provides the maximum stable yield in the bioclimatic conditions of the northern forest-steppe of the Chelyabinsk region. The studied varieties of spring soft wheat belong to three groups of maturity - medium-early, medium-ripening and medium-late. In each of these groups, we have identified the most productive varieties in comparison with the standard variety. By origin, the standards are in all groups of the Chelyabinsk selection, the Ekaterina variety was obtained by scientists from Yekaterinburg, Ulyanovskaya 105 is a variety of the Ulyanovsk selection, and Uralosibirskaya - of the Omsk selection. The varieties Ekaterina, Ulyanovskaya 105 and Chelyaba 75 turned out to be the most stress-resistant. The varieties Ulyanovskaya 105, Erythrospermum 59 and Yekaterina have a genotype that best corresponds to changing environmental factors. When calculating the sum of ranks in each group of the studied varieties, the most productive and adaptive varieties to growing conditions were identified: Ekaterina, Ulyanovskaya 105 and Uralosibirskaya. According to the results of the research, the varieties Ekaterina, Ulyanovskaya 105 and Uralosibirskaya were selected for cultivation in the fields of the crop production complex of the agricultural holding. Elite seeds of varieties are sold to agricultural producers of the Chelyabinsk region.

The effect of substrate and nutrient solution on biometric parameters and net photosynthesis productivity of strawberry seedlings of the White Swede variety obtained in vitro under light culture conditions at irradiation power of 126.8 and 172.3 mmol/m2/s was investigated. The highest seedlings with a horn diameter of 0.8 cm were obtained in variants using a mineral wool substrate and nutrient solutions at an irradiation power of 126.8 mmol/m2/s. The irradiation power of 172.3 mmol/m2/s contributed to the largest number of leaves in the variants MV+ PR and MV + 1 MS of 10.0 ± 0.5 pcs. in both cases, and the active development of the assimilation area of the leaves. The irradiation power of 126.8 mmol/m2/s and the use of a nutrient solution contributes to the better development of the root system. The net photosynthesis productivity on an organic substrate using a nutrient solution (CS+1 MS) is 1.5-2.5 times higher than when using an organic substrate filled with fertilizers (GT+water). The net photosynthesis productivity of the leaf apparatus of seedlings grown on a mineral wool substrate at an irradiation power of 126.8 mmol/m2/s was in the range from 0.27 to 0.33 mg/cm2/day, and at an irradiation power of 172.3 mmol/m2/s - in the range from 0.23 to 0.29 mg/ cm2/day.

The studies were carried out in 2020-2022 in the piedmont zone of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic on the “Cherek-Kolos” LLC lands. The soil is leached, medium-thick, slightly humus heavy loamy chernozem on carbonate clays. In an experiment to study the effectiveness of the macro-microelements foliar application in different forms on soybean culture, three factors were studied: varieties SK Veda - early-ripening, Rubin - mid-ripening (factor A); treatment of vegetative plants with liquid mineral fertilizers (factor B); processing time (factor C). The maximum values of soybean yield regardless of the variety were achieved when vegetative soybean plants were treated with the nutrient deficiency corrector Polidon Bor. Maximum productivity is achieved when soybean plants are treated in the primordial leaf phase.

The research was carried out as part of the state agroecological monitoring program in the southwestern part of the Central Chernozem region in the Belgorod region. The soil cover of the forest-steppe zone was represented by typical chernozems. All analytical studies were carried out in an accredited testing laboratory according to generally accepted methods. The territory of the region after the accident at the Chernobyl NPP in 1986 was subjected to radioactive pollution. As a result of the studies, it was found that the average gross content of typical heavy metals in arable chernozems forms the following decreasing series (mg/kg): Mn (345) > Zn (36.5) > Cu (13.9) > Pb (10.3) > Co (8.48) > As (4.18) > Cd (0.23) > Hg (0.022). In terms of the content of mobile forms of heavy metals, the pattern is slightly different: Mn (16.7) > Pb (0.40) > Zn (0.39) > Cu (0.09) > Co (0.08) > Cd (0.05). According to the specific activity of radionuclides, they form a series (Bc/kg): 40К (530.2)>232Th (38.1)>226Ra (23.8)>137Cs (17.3). There was no excess of the standards of the approximate permissible and maximum permissible concentrations of the studied elements in the studied arable soils. The availability of arable soils with mobile forms of Zn, Cu and Co is assessed as low, in which microfertilization containing these elements is recommended to increase crop yield. In winter wheat grains, the content of the studied elements and the specific activity of the 137Cs were significantly lower than the maximum permissible levels.

As activators of digestive processes and energy metabolism, the possibility of using succinates, in particular cobalt succinate, is justified. This is a well-known drug in veterinary medicine and dairy farming.. The indication for its use is most often due to the perversion of appetite and not only. The fact is that cobalt chloride is part of the cobalamines-that is, vitamin B-12. Just with a deficiency of vitamin B-12, the synthesis of propionic acid, the main precursor of glucose formation, that is, energy, significantly worsens. In our experiments, cobalt succinate (succinic acid salt) was used in combination with feed energetics propylene glycol and glycerin. In the course of biochemical studies, it was found that this combination provides a well-pronounced clinical effect, qualitatively improves the metabolic function of the liver. This is indicated by the positive results of normalization of triglycerides, ketone bodies, transamination enzymes- AsAt and AlAt. Normalization of the reserve alkalinity index indicated that the energy exchange goes on without accumulation of problematic lactate and ketoacids substrates. It is quite obvious that this effect is achieved by activating the aerobic pathway of energy synthesis. Activation of the aerobic pathway of energy synthesis is the most effective approach to filling the energy deficit in the body. The aerobic energy synthesis pathway is 19 times more powerful than anaerobic glycolysis. As for the application of the development in production? Then here, everything is technologically simple, economically affordable, environmentally safe and absolutely harmless to the body of animals.

In order to effectively manage the genetic resources of the Ayrshire cattle population and conduct a directed selection of the parent group to improve traits related to productive longevity and milk quality, a study was conducted to identify the relationship between the linear assessment of the conformation, as well as the udder and leg indices (UDC and FLC) with the main indicators of the component composition of milk. As a result of the conformation type assessment, it was found that the quality of the udder of cows of the first calving had, on average, positive estimates: UDC = +1.0 ± 0.09 units of genetic deviation, due to the high rates of attachment of the front udder lobes, the height of attachment of the hind lobes and the udder furrow. An average negative value of the leg composition index (FLC = -0.2±0.07) was noted, which is associated with a low classification score of the limbs and insufficient heel height in the study sample. Animals with better udder attachment and strong legs from the UDC≥0 and FLC≥0 groups produced milk with a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) by 0.008 g/100 g (P≤0.01), along with this, milk from cows with more healthy limbs contained less somatic cells (SCC), urea (Urea) and medium chain fatty acids (MCFA). The difference between the groups UDC≥0 and UDC<0 in terms of SCC content was 153.97 thousand/ml. There were positive correlations between hoof angle (FA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) r=0.346 (P≤0.001) and FA and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) r=0.208 (P≤0.01). The studies found negative correlations of the UDC index with urea (Urea) r=-0.235 (P≤0.01) and SCC r=-0.181 (P≤0.05), and the FLC index and Urea r=-0.332 (P≤0.001) and FLC and SCC r=-0.180 (P≤0.05).

In increasing soybean production, an important role is given to reducing indirect losses from grain crushing, which adversely affect the quality of seeds, especially when harvesting and processing crops. The impossibility of achieving the optimal mode of operation of the combine at soybean harvesting is due to the peculiarity of the physical and mechanical properties of soybeans. The purpose of the research is to increase the efficiency of the soybean grain harvesting technology based on the development of adapting devices to the combine to obtain the maximum yield of the first fraction of high-quality seeds, followed by their use in sowing without part-time processing (except for pre-sowing etching). The studies were carried out using the modernized Yenisei-1200 combine during the harvesting period 2021-2022 on the experimental field of the Federal State Budgetary Institution of the Federal Research Center of the All-Russian Research Institute of Soybeans. Modernization of the combine makes it possible to collect 60% of high-quality soybean seeds with a low content of weed impurity in a separate section of its bunker. Ripened soybean seeds are soaked in soft modes of operation of the first threshing drum, a separate collection of which increases field germination and biological yield of the first seed fraction. Application of sieves of upper sieve mill of combine harvester cleaning with increased length of blinds petals up to 70 mm together with increased air flow ensures purity of seeds of the first fraction at the level of the first class of sowing standard. Mechanical damage to soybean seeds of the first fraction, which is 4.2%, does not exceed the established standard for crushing and microdepositing combines (5%). The use of seeds of the first fraction in sowing without additional processing reduces the indirect losses of soybeans and, accordingly, the costs of seed production.Ripened soybean seeds are soaked in soft modes of operation of the first threshing drum, a separate collection of which increases field germination and biological yield of the first seed fraction. Application of sieves of upper sieve mill of combine harvester cleaning with increased length of louver petals up to 70 mm together with increased air flow ensures purity of seeds of the first fraction at the level of the first class of sowing standard. Mechanical damage to soybean seeds of the first fraction, which make 4.2%, does not exceed the established standard for crushing and micro damage combines (5%). Using the seeds of the first fraction in sowing without working, reduces indirect losses of soybeans and, accordingly, the costs of seed production.